Be confined to calculates the limitation of technology, control technology and computer IT currently, the space that surpass gain (Cyber Space) with physical world (Physical World) be complete depart. But drive in what social demand and technology progress below, the bounds of the space that surpass gain and physical world blurs stage by stage, will realize confluence finally. Here setting falls, cyber-Physical System (CPS) notional emerge as the times require. Meet in the American national science foundation that aids financially CPS to study the respect acts important role (NSF) think, CPS will let whole world interconnection rise. "What changed person and person as Internet is interactive and same, what CPS will change we and physical world is interactive. " NSF computer and information science and Branicky of project chief inspector express. Rajkumar [1] points out: Begin the period that will be CPS from now, through embedding in the deepness in physical system computational intelligence, communication is mixed pilot ability and have the aid of are new-style sensor, carry out implement, can reframe through be being mixed actively functional component enhances physical system get used to a function oneself, will raise CPS greatly small to intelligent family network, control a system to industry greatly, and even the national level such as intelligent traffic even of world-class application get used to degree of ability, automation, efficiency, dependability, security and usability to wait oneself. NSF considers to report [2] points out: Current, the development of CPS has begun to change the life of people significantly, CPS is in intelligent medical treatment, the application of the domain such as traffic of car of intelligent electrified wire netting, intelligence, intelligence, can make people gets more acute, more accurate, more efficient service, in the meantime, be in a few have the dangerous sex, work environment that does not fit the mankind to participate in, the intelligent unit that CPS technology supports already was rescued in the earthquake, fire control and expeditionary wait for a domain to get applied. CPS definition and Baheti of definition of characteristic 1 CPS [does 3] point out: ? PS system is the Gao Ke that all sorts of computation elements and physical element are united in wedlock cheek by jowl and decides incident action to fall to be coordinated each other in dynamic inaccuracy relies on a system " . Lee[4] thinks: "CPS is computational process and physical process is compositive with mutual influence, pass namely embedded the computer and network achieve pair of physics progresses monitor and control, realize physical process to be opposite circularly through feedback the influence of computational process " . Rajkumar [1] thinks: "CPS is to passed computation and communication kernel to come true to monitor, harmonious, control and compositive physics and project system. " academician of He Jifeng of Chinese Academy of Sciences thinks [5] : "CPS is one goes up in the foundation that the environment feels, deepness is shirt-sleeve of computation, communication and control ability can accuse, the system of authentic, network physics equipment that can expand. " with aid university Wang Zhongjie teachs [6] thinks: "CPS emphasizes ' Cyber-physical ' alternant, the real time that the confluence that involves go into business of prospective network environment to measure different compose data, inaccuracy decides information signal is reliable processing and communication, dynamic of resource and ability organic coordinate and from adaptive control, it is to have height own perception, own judgement, own adjust and autonomic ability, can realize fictitious world and interconnection of actual physics world and generation intelligence that cooperate with system. " CPS of 2 CPS characteristic is become by confluence of computational equipment, network equipment, physics equipment, all equipment mutual cooperation, decide its distinctive function and feature jointly. Xu Shaolun [7] undertook summing up to the feature of information physics shirt-sleeve system, think the main characteristic of CPS is as follows. (1) complexity and different compose sex: CPS is mixed by system of the communication network of a variety of different compose, computation, control system heterogeneous physical equipment is formed, pass mutual confluence, make physical equipment is had be coordinated computation, communication, accurate control, remotely and autonomy 5 big functions, be one multidimensional spent open mode system, have high complexity, sex of its different compose is very apparent also. (2) shirt-sleeve sex: The feedback that CPS affects each other through computational process and physical process realizes deepness confluence circularly, expand through coming interactively in real time new function, every physics equipment all deepness embedded computation and communication function. This brings about computational object from the number turn into simulative, from disperse turn into successive, from the static state turn into dynamic, it is the system that an a variety of type computation objects coexist. (3) autonomic sex and intelligent sex: CPS combines computation, control and physical course in be in harmony while, have powerful autonomic function and intelligence decision-making ability, those who make implementation quicker between computational component and physical environment is alternant, more intelligent cooperation, main body can come true to be organized oneself now, suit to manage with ego oneself. (4) real time sex and huge sex: CPS needs to understand the current situation of physical equipment in time, through network control method undertakes necessary control and intervention to physical equipment, but as a result of mobile equipment receive initiate to cause facility status to change randomly, so need undertakes to physical equipment real time trends recombines, the time determinism of process of this pair of computation and collateral sex, to the network real time sex asks very tall. In the meantime, CPS makes be countinged in real time occupying collect and vast data bulk can generate when information is interactive, consequently the demand of huge data processing can become very pressing. 3 CPS and embedded the system is current, embedded the core that the system already made industrial control and automation control system. Embedded the component that the system regards older system as, basically use the function that enhances a product or the performance that improve a product, pay attention to computation more. Because the natural resources such as memory, energy is limited, the tradition is embedded the crucial problem that the system faces is the optimization that how realizes resource to use [8] . He Jifeng academician thinks " the tradition is embedded the demand that the sheet that problem place uses related physical system resolves to nod a solution to get used to informatization of equipment of new generation physics and network no longer in the system " , "Have all sorts of network technologies to cannot satisfy network of equipment of new generation physics to be able to accuse, mix authoritatively the new requirement that can expand " waited for a reason to promote CPS this puts forward theoretically anew. CPS becomes chime attune to be main characteristic with the tight market between computational process and physical process, emphasize carrying physical equipment all sorts of network methods to realize interconnection each other to connect, make physical equipment was had thereby be coordinated computation, communication, accurate control, remotely and the 5 big functions such as autonomy [5] . CPS and embedded main distinction of the system sees a table 1. Watch 1 CPS and embedded systematic comparison from this knowable, the photograph is more traditional embedded system, CPS has consideration more real time, process changes voice, control more accurate, move more composition of intelligence, system is heterogeneous the gender is more apparent wait for a characteristic. CPS architecture normally, the elementary physics component of CPS includes to feel unit, executive unit and decision-making control unit. Feeling unit is one kind can be monitored in real time what be felt to accuse object physics condition or chemical composition is embedded equipment; Executive unit is one kind can receive control to dictate and bring to bear on to controlled object those who control function is embedded equipment; Decision-making control unit is a kind of semantic regulation that can define according to the user the logic that makes control logic controls device [9] . Elementary physics component combines feedback to control a principle circularly, formed executive CPS the basiccest monitor as logistic as what control a function unit, if pursue,1 is shown. The deepness of the information system that composition of elementary physics of graph 1 CPS wants to realize CPS and physical system is shirt-sleeve, need to go to all sorts of physical substance abstraction in information system above all. The information abstraction that domestic and international investigator also puts forward to differ in succession is politic, for instance La [10] from solve embedded the angle with equipment computation limited natural resources sets out, it is CPS abstraction 3 constructions that include environmental layer, service layer, control layer. Will integratedly look, the core of CPS is computation, communication, control 3 person cooperate with effectively, graph 2 it is the CPS architecture that is based on systematic view [11] . Pursue the 2 CPS architecture Morrls that are based on systematic view [12] is abstraction of CPS of the sources of energy from applied angle include physics layer, sensor and carry out implement 6 of layer of layer of monitoring of layer of monitoring of layer, local control layer, low level, advanced course, information; Scene rich [component of the perception in 13] consideration effective system and existence data is exchanged between executive component, put forward to include feeling the 3 systems framework of the CPS that accuses layer, network layer and decision-making layer. Be based on the perspective of systematic function, appeared model of hierarchy of a kind of CPS. In this model, physical layer is the most rock-bottom, its function basically includes the execution of physical process, perception and monitoring; Communication layer is in charge of the data between equipment and different layer delivering, include data to include a route by with control systematic develop attacks wait for a feature; Control layer basically includes equipment of a few control and confluence application package, the control that these equipment and component match to have hale, reliable, safe, fault tolerance is algorithmic. He Ming [the understanding that 14] combines to reach each function to CPS job principle, the CPS architecture that tries to be based on a function on forefathers research foundation undertook be refininged further, the 3 CPS architecture that if the graph is shown 3 times,forms. Graph the 3 CPS architecture that are based on functional view Wang Xiaole [15] sets out from the angle that faces a service, differentiate CPS to abstraction according to entity it is 4, the structural character that reflected CPS adequately and the nuclear idea that are resource existence means in order to serve think. CPS abstract structure is shown 4 times like the graph. Graph the 4 CPS4 layer abstraction that are based on service perspective structural CPS node and physical world real time is alternant, through sensor unit real time feels the change of physical world, give perceptive information information processing unit perhaps transmits other node through communication unit, at the same time communication unit is received transmit incoming data and give information processing is unit, information processing unit has gotten information confluence, the basis is built-in embedded algorithm is made decision-making, deliver the result carry out implement unit, perhaps send other node through communication unit, in order to realize the influence of pair of physics processes and control. This method is right research CPS and face service framework (SOA) union and development of CPS system design have more powerful direct effect [15] . The development that technology of monitoring of numerical control machine tool expands technology of monitoring of machine tool of 1 numerical control to develop the current situation to control technology, high-powered drive technology, sensor technology to wait as the number, function of numerical control machine tool is more and more powerful, wider and wider application receives in manufacturing industry. Network, automation, high spirit is changed, efficient the main way that changing is development of machine tool of current numerical control. As the promotion of function of numerical control machine tool, function, in producing applied process actually, the long-range data of numerical control machine tool is collected and condition monitoring demand is very pressing. Here setting falls, the technology of monitoring of numerical control machine tool of all sorts of types develops flourishingly. The automation data that the network of monitoring of numerical control machine tool that is based on compose of technology of monitoring of numerical control machine tool to build can realize machine tool of couplet net numerical control to machine a process is collected and condition is monitored. Equipment movement operating mode can pass monitoring interface intuitionistic understanding, equipment malfunction can be in be discovered for a short while, automatic announcement gives relevant technology staff. In the meantime, information of state of numerical control machine tool, breakdown message can think manufacturing staff, technologist and equipment safeguard personnel offer numerical control machine tool to run the condition message with first-hand process, long-range breakdown is diagnosed, long-range exercise attempers reach condition of technology of process of resource allocation, CNC Machining to evaluate become a possibility. Diagnose through be being mixed to monitoring of network of numerical control machine tool, came true " mobile is data is not a person " , alter the passive aspect that personnel diagnoses to be kept constantly on the run when equipment malfunctions thereby. A large number of application of technology of the development of globalization computer network, sensor were monitoring of network of CNC Machining process to provide solid technical basis [16] . Problem of existence of technology of monitoring of machine tool of 2 current numerical control (1) sex of transmission real time is low, dependability is poor: The technical method with current be confined to, data of numerical control machine tool collects a process to suffer data to collect implement function, transmission network dependability, bandwidth and defer are affected, transmission defer is big, collect frequency low (signal collects interval normally prep above 1s) , very inaccessible taller real time sex. In the meantime, data collects a process to suffer environment of actual production process easily to affect (be like unusual cut off the power, network invalidation) , dependability is inferior. (2) data is collected implement the function is single, collect parameter little: The data that numerical control machine tool applies to inside the industry at present collects a solution to be based on the way that hardware board blocks normally, because need the data of the numerical control system with of all kinds and different industry of give attention to two or morethings to collect demand, collect abstraction of the height on functional program and implementation and intensive to change in signal normally, collect implement the function is singler, collect parameter more finite also, include to load of program of alarm signal of signal of machine of machine tool switch, breakdown, NC only normally, begin to move to wait with end run time, and a few important signal of significant to process of token CNC Machining position, wait like main shaft electric current, power, temperature, and a few keys of NC order moving process run parameter (wait for information like fold of coordinate position, feed, rotate speed) , gather capability weaker, certain level upper limit made the applied range of technology of monitoring of numerical control machine tool. (3) the technology of treatment status reproduction with intuitionistic, efficient lack: The collection that realizes data of condition of numerical control machine tool is the first pace of whole monitoring process merely, how to build efficient, intuitionistic fictitious monitoring visible interface, it is the difficult point that whole system is designed and achieves. Current, be aimed at CNC Machining process the main way of fictitious visible monitoring still is to be on the base that produces layout survey to actual workshop, scale is fictitious workshop plan of 2 dimension distribution, the logical place that pursues to position of physics of numerical control machine tool and 2 dimension layout undertakes abstraction is depicted, on this foundation, the monitoring of numerical control machine tool that develops C/S or B/S framework is visible interface, data of machine tool of shirt-sleeve numerical control is collected implement data of real time condition, those who have numerical control machine tool is trichromatic lamp condition shows. And the monitoring that is aimed at machine tool of specific numerical control, lack significant condition reproduction step, still give priority to with the data monitoring window of custom-built development normally, the indication that component position, condition moves to wait related contrail of three-dimensional to machining a process actually motion, machine tool still lacks significant step. (4) only one-way data is collected, lack two-way control capacity: Data of conventional numerical control machine tool collects a system to basically face the collection of production process data, and the progress that makes equipment technology as new generation, numerical control machine tool more and more appear automation, own change the feature that changes with intelligence. The equipment of these equipment and application, put forward to supervisory system of machine tool of conventional numerical control new " the canal accuses " demand, the real time that should realize information of state of numerical control machine tool not only namely is collected, in the meantime, also ask to be able to go up to run condition to undertake evaluate and be responsed to numerical control machine tool in certain level, can give out control to dictate below essential condition, realize the behavior control of the machine tool, this posed new challenge to supervisory system of numerical control machine tool. The design of CPS of monitoring of intelligence of numerical control machine tool and realize referenced architecture of CPS of monitoring of intelligence of machine tool of 1 numerical control 1. CPS of monitoring of intelligence of machine tool of 1 numerical control defines definition of CPS of monitoring of CNC Machining intelligence: Produce exercise monitoring demand actually according to numerical control machine tool, technology of the perception of real time condition that establishs procedure of model and athletic feature abstraction, CNC Machining with noumenon of numerical control machine tool and real time data processing is a foundation, condition of analysis of data of reproduction of three-dimensional real time, intelligence, real time evaluates course of shirt-sleeve CNC Machining, unusual early-warning and change intelligence to control capacity independently, the computation that forms through distributed network confluence more real time, process changes voice, control more accurate, move more intelligence, have the supervisory system of intelligence of numerical control machine tool of high autonomy sex. 1.
Architecture of CPS of monitoring of intelligence of machine tool of 2 numerical control the article consults the framework of abstraction of CPS 4 layer that is based on service angle, combine the actual characteristic of CPS of monitoring of intelligence of numerical control machine tool, the architecture of CPS of monitoring of intelligence of numerical control machine tool that put forward to face a service, if pursue,5 are shown. Graph architecture of system of CPS of monitoring of intelligence of machine tool of 5 numerical control (1) feeling accuse a layer. The feeling of CPS of monitoring of CNC Machining intelligence accuses node layer is CPS and numerical control machine tool the alternant dot of actual physics process, contained the physical element of CPS, if numerical control machine tool is hypostatic, athletic component, sensor, the controller of of all kinds physics, driver and object of CNC Machining physics and resource (wait like cutting tool, tool) etc, basically involve control technology, embedded technology of system, perception, communication technology. The core that supervisory system of intelligence of numerical control machine tool realizes is the confluence that the compose that feels a function is built and feels a network. Install corresponding sensor and relevant data to collect functional part through be being added in substance of physics of numerical control machine tool, and with object of CNC Machining physics (cutting tool, tool, semifinished product) cross-linking coupling, form have perception, control to carry out the CPS feeling with own and decision-making function to accuse node, collect with data of numerical control machine tool implement come true with the form that controls a network. The data of numerical control machine tool that this system uses own development is collected implement as shirt-sleeve as sensor network means, compose builds the data of numerical control machine tool that has own intellectual property to collect a system, this system by collect layer, processing layer, service layer and applied layer to be comprised 4 layers, its architecture is shown 6 times like the graph. Graph data of machine tool of 6 numerical control collects systematic architecture (2) network communication layer. In CPS of monitoring of intelligence of machine tool of effective numerical control, the biggest challenge that network communication level faces is how to assure fictitious space and physical space between the high reliability of data of sex of high capacity, high real time, low defer is transmitted; In the meantime, what feel equipment as intelligent equipment and intelligence is many gain ground, the network of prospective exercise spot receives demand to will increase into geometrical progression. Mix in transmission dependability in view of network of existing exercise spot the actual condition of transmission performance side, use distributed data to collect systematic design, in perception layer and processing layer are optimized data is collected and handle strategy, use " cent pace + redundant " data is collected, transmit and handle a mechanism, can reduce real time effectively to data is collected and handle a process to transmit sex of dependability, real time and tall bandwidth requirement to the network. But turn application as the large-scale project of system of CPS of monitoring of intelligence of machine tool of follow-up numerical control, still urgent need uses new generation to have enough bandwidth, receive ability strong, super- low when next generation industry spots that delay correspond network. In the meantime, should pay close attention to adequately have higher reliability, inferior when delay, bigger the wireless network that receives a capacity receives a technology, accept demand in order to satisfy the shift with prospective exercise extensive spot. (3) resource serves a layer. The perception that because system of CPS of monitoring of intelligence of numerical control machine tool is medium,is aimed at physical environment, monitor and analyse decision-making processing process to have many data storage, computation, analysis, control decision-making processing demand, and feeling capability of the data storage that accuses a layer, processing is finite. Accordingly, undertake shirt-sleeve processing to gotten real time data, from the analysis in huge data, extraction useful information, it is the main function of resource service layer. The resource of system of CPS of monitoring of intelligence of numerical control machine tool serves a platform propping up that moves as the system, up, for decision-making reach applied layer to offer ability of operation of analysis of of all kinds data, graph, big data processing to support; Downward, accuse a layer to offer huge data storage, data processing to serve support to feel; In the meantime, the perceptive component that accuses a layer to feeling and carry out implement undertake abstraction builds a model, form fictitious space and physical space confluence interactive among the service, the market that control of operation of instruction of report of state of real current situation, monitoring, machine tool dictates is successful can. (4) decision-making application layer. Decision-making application layer faces application and handlers, its are main the target is moving process of machine tool of implementation numerical control is visible monitor and change independently, intelligence turns control. On one hand, decision-making application layer enhances equipment as the function of handlers, can offer for handlers more the news of real time, more comprehensive, operating mode of CNC Machining process that has decision-making and referenced value and data of intelligent analysis evaluation, in order to increase capacity of the handlers perception to process of whole CNC Machining, control; On the other hand, regard the intelligence that has high autonomy as supervisory system, decision-making application layer is used inside data of applied big data computation, intelligence analyses ability, undertake to machining a process actually real time condition is evaluated, the treatment process that can realize intelligence to change is forecasted, unusual call the police to prevent wrong control with intelligence, this makes CNC Machining process is changed to intelligence further, little person is changed unmanned even change directional gradual progress to become a possibility. The trends that 2 systems implementation accuses component of machine tool motion to build model and linkage of coordinate of numerical control machine tool accurately to control coupling of each groups of mechanism, reference axis to concern through logarithm is analytic, the dynamic to load that implemented part of model of static state of numerical control machine tool, dynamic motion in the three-dimensional emulation platform of own development and seesaw pattern are controlled. In the meantime, combine parameter of setting of origin of process of effective to numerical control machine tool treatment, cutting tool collect the automatic examination that reachs position of tool, semifinished product, automatic compose builds numerical control machine tool fictitious emulate moving environment, through numerical control machine tool real time data is collected implement collected high real time is spent (millisecond class) the machine tool runs data actually, the exceeds small delay time, Gao Fang to be spent really treatment process that realizes numerical control machine tool to machine a process actually is three-dimensional visible reproduction, if the graph is shown 7 times,the system moves an interface. Graph system of moving interface of program of three-dimensional visible reproduction is based on process of 7 CNC Machining " perception - analysis - decision-making - control - feedback - evaluate " closed-loop control mechanism, be in accurate on the foundation that evaluates CNC Machining process to run state, what intelligence extracts CNC Machining process is unusual with exceptional information, combine the CNC Machining procedure that has established to unusual position is answered and handle regulation, consider and broke through handling time intelligence to forecast, treatment status intelligence is evaluated, unusual position is automatic the crucial technology such as early-warning. Current, the system already came true be based on condition to evaluate parameter of desired result of regulation and the control of NC program to load that define operation flow beforehand, origin, cutting tool and cutting tool to compensate data desired result to wait, can be opposite main shaft of CNC Machining process is laden the condition such as mutation of unusual, power undertakes identify effectively and calling the police, the intelligence that improved CNC Machining process effectively changes monitoring standard. The last word is current, advanced industry country pushs the west such as the United States, Germany to make technical research and application into intelligence energetically, our country " two change " deepness confluence also is advanced in development, CPS makes one of core technologies of the domain as intelligence, had made current academia and industrial group the main field of preferential research and development. Be in to realize CPS better manufacturing industry the application of each domain, of method of framework of the computational mode with need existing breakthrough, physics, control and communication environment manacle. The research of CPS of current manufacturing industry includes mainly: General character technology studies related CPS (like big data, cloud computation, real time computation, intelligence controls theory to wait) , CPS key props up a technology to consider (if face next generation of CPS,sensor of communication technology, intelligence reachs network confluence compose of technology, different is heterogeneous the system is compositive, new generation emulates technology of technology and shirt-sleeve control to wait) . Advance CPS to be in the effective be born of manufacturing industry and application, group of need academia, industry joint efforts, with CPS of progressively open manufacturing industry research reachs new phase of application. Author: Origin of Li Xiaohua of group of Chengdu aircraft industry: Aviation makes a technology CNC Milling
CNC Machining